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Is Cancer a Genetic Disease? | Cancer Through Genetics

Dr. Tushar Patil, a cancer specialist at Sahyadri Hospital in Pune, presents information regarding the relationship between cancer and genetics. The discussion explores how certain cancers are linked to genetic factors and the implications for patients and their families.

Dr. Patil explains that only a small percentage of cancers are genetically linked. There are two primary types of mutations associated with cancer:

1. Germline Mutations: These are inherited mutations present from birth and found in the blood, increasing the risk of various cancers across generations.
2. Somatic Mutations: These mutations occur in the tumour itself, accumulating over time similar to how viruses replicate.

Approximately 5-10% of cancers are hereditary. This includes familial genetic patterns where multiple family members may develop similar or different types of cancer. For example, hereditary breast and ovarian cancers are commonly associated with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. These mutations significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer, particularly at younger ages.

When a young patient presents with cancer or a family history of cancer, specialised tests are performed to assess the likelihood of hereditary cancer. A simple blood test can identify whether a cancer is genetically linked, particularly for breast and ovarian cancers. Results typically take three to four weeks, allowing for appropriate recommendations and preventive measures.

If a genetic mutation is identified, the patient’s siblings may also be recommended for testing. Regular screenings and preventive strategies, such as prophylactic surgeries, may be advised.

While germline mutations can be passed down through generations, tumour mutations occur within individual tumours and are not inherited. Targeted therapies are increasingly used in the treatment of various cancers, such as lung cancer and breast cancer. Identifying specific mutations allows for personalised treatment options, which can significantly improve patient outcomes.

The interplay between cancer and genetics is complex, involving both inherited and acquired mutations. Awareness of genetic risks can lead to preventive strategies and tailored therapies, enhancing the chances of effective treatment. For any further information, individuals are encouraged to consult with medical professionals or genetic specialists.